e-Newsletter -November 2023

Department Events

Expert lecture on “Overview of The Semiconductor Industry and Career Options” on 25/11/2023

Department of Electrical Engineering in Association with IET On-Campus Organized an Expert Lecture on “Overview of The Semiconductor Industry and Career Options” for SE (A and B) students and staff of the department on 25/11/2023:  Resource Person: Mr. Chetan Patil, Senior Product Engineer, NXP USA Inc. Total No. of Students present = 112. The session helped students to understand what opportunities they can grab in semiconductor industries and, the different roles of engineers in industry. Even the manufacturing process of semiconductors was discussed by the expert.

Short-term training program (STTP) on “ANSYS for Machine Design”

Department of Electrical Engineering and Electric Mobility and Transportation (EMT) Club completed Two days of the short-term training program (STTP) on “ANSYS for Machine Design” in association with ARK Info Solutions from 30th October 2023 to 31st October 2023. The topics discussed during the STTP are Introduction to ANSYS LF Tools and Maxwell GUI. The STTP was attended by students as well as faculty members. The STTP was coordinated by Prof. Ganesh Jadhav and Prof. Snehal Sagare.

Warli painting activity for the F. Y. B. Tech students on 06/11/2023

The department recently organized a “Warli Painting Activity” for the F. Y. B. Tech students. It was a great opportunity for them to learn more about this traditional art form and to express their creativity. The activity was well-received by the students, who enjoyed the chance to work with different materials and techniques. Overall, it was a fun and educational experience for everyone involved.

E-Learning on “Electric Vehicle Design” on 04/11/2023

Department of Electrical Engineering in association with Pantech E-Learning has completed an exclusive 3-Hours Live Zoom Session on “Electric Vehicle Design” on 4th November 2023. A live interactive workshop was conducted by Mr Malaiyappan, Technical Director and industry Project Acquisition Manager in the EV sector. The topics discussed during the webinar were Introduction to MATLAB, Forces on EV design calculation, and Simscape-based modelling. The webinar was attended by students as well as faculty members. The webinar was coordinated by Prof. Snehal Sagare.

Student Corner

Student Placement

The following students are placed in various multinational companies. Congratulations to all the students!

Placed Students Details (November - 2023)

Sr. No.	Name of the Student	Placement Date
1.	Amrita Devi	08/11/2023
2.	Mahadwad Devanand Ramrao	09/11/2023
3.	Yeola Hitesh Jagannath	09/11/2023
4.	Naik Pradeep Sampat	09/11/2023
5.	Wagh Pranali Vilas	09/11/2023
6.	Changan Prasad Dasharath	09/11/2023
7.	Tidake Prasad Vilas	09/11/2023
8.	Bodke Roshan Ramesh	09/11/2023
9.	Varode Swarup Mohan	09/11/2023
10.	Kale Nikita Nandkishor	09/11/2023
11.	More Neha Sandip	16/11/2023
12.	Dheple Ishwari Sanjay	16/11/2023
13.	Aishwarya Mohan Gadekar	18/11/2023
14.	Gayatri Gorakh Jadhav	18/11/2023
15.	Gayatri Kishor Desale	18/11/2023
16.	Sakshi Sham Girase	18/11/2023
17.	Sandhya Bharat Shinde	18/11/2023
18.	Shital Kailas Waje	18/11/2023

Industrial visit and PCB Manufacturing Workshop at Copper Track Industry on 06/11/2023

The Department of Electrical Engineering has conducted an industrial visit and PCB Manufacturing Workshop at Copper Track Industry for S.Y. B.Tech. It was an amazing experience for the students. Students got to witness the production process of copper wires and cable harnesses first-hand, and it was truly fascinating. The staff members at Copper Track Industry were very welcoming and knowledgeable. They explained everything in detail and answered all our questions patiently. Students got to see the various machines used in the production process and learn about the different stages involved in making PCBs. It was a great opportunity for students to see how the theoretical knowledge gained in classrooms is applied in real-life scenarios. The visit and workshop were coordinated by Prof. Nayana Jangle, Prof. Alok Kumar and Prof. Nikhil Gaikwad.

Industrial Visit on 06/11/2023

On 6th November 2023, an industrial visit was successfully done at “Altra Power Electrical Industry, Sinnar” for S.Y. B.Tech (Div B) students. A total of 59 students and two faculties Prof. Ganesh Jadhav and Mrs. Jayshree Ghumare were present for the industrial visit. This visit has been conducted for the course on Transformer and Induction Machines.  This has helped students to better understand the course and bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-time industrial work. Some students have assembled the shaft and winding on the rotor.

Industrial Visit on 07/11/2023

Industrial visit at Altra Power Electrical Industries, Malegaon, Sinner for SYB.Tech - Div A students on 7th November 2023. The visit was coordinated by Prof. Sudhir Shinde and Ms. Ranjana Gaikwad.

Industrial visit on 28/11/2023

The department has arranged an Industrial visit of S.Y. B.Tech Students (Div A and B) to Gauss Electromagnetics, Nashik on 28th November 2023. The visit was coordinated by Prof. Chetan Gadge and Prof. Pooja Sapkade. During the visit, students got the opportunity to interact with industry professionals and learn about the latest trends and technologies used in the industry. They also got an insight into the work culture and work environment of the industry. Industrial visits helped students develop a better understanding of the workplace, and they got to see how theoretical knowledge is applied in practical situations.

Aavishkar 2023 Competition

The team from the Department of Electrical Engineering has been selected for the University Level Round of the Aavishkar 2023 Competition. The team is guided by Prof. Ganesh N. Jadhav. Team members are Atharva Rajhans, Avishkar Arote, Mayur Bunge and Siddhant Sakhare. Congratulations and Best wishes to them.

NPTEL Courses

The following students successfully completed the NPTEL course: Congratulations to all the students!

Name of Students	Course Name	Final Score %
Ahire Yash Manojkumar	DC Microgrid and Control System	51
Ahirrao Nitin Pramod	DC Microgrid and Control System	44
Bagul Sandip Pandit	DC Microgrid and Control System	45
Barkade Tushar Sida	Soft Skill Development	58
Bhargav Pratik Gajanan	Power Plant Engineering	54
Bhavsar Harshad Sham	DC Microgrid and Control System	47
Bodke Roshan Ramesh	DC Microgrid and Control System	68
Bodke Yash Dnyaneshwar	Power Plant Engineering	42
Changan Prasad Dasharath	Power Plant Engineering	58
Chaudhari Mehul Ravindra	DC Microgrid and Control System	46
Chavanke Gauri Ravindra	Power System Protection and Switchgear	69
Cheke Yash Pundlik	DC Microgrid and Control System	52
Choukate Aditya Prakash	Power System Protection and Switchgear	75
Dalavi Samarth Shyamsundar	Power Plant Engineering	41
Dhage Amit Ramnath	Developing Soft Skills and Personality	66
Dhake Chandan Mahendra	Power System Protection and Switchgear	75
Dhomase Anuja Dilip	Power System Protection and Switchgear	49
Firake Jayesh Ramesh	Power System Protection and Switchgear	80
Gawande Uday Popat	Soft Skill Development	51
Girase Sakshi Sham	Power System Protection and Switchgear	80
Jadhav Gayatri Gorakh	Power System Protection and Switchgear	65
Jadhav Prashant Deepak	Power System Protection and Switchgear	62
Kale Aditya Dilip	Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering	54
Kale Shraddha Somnath	Power System Protection and Switchgear	61
Kalyankar Umesh Namdevrao	DC Microgrid and Control System	81
Kamble Tejas Tukaram	Power System Protection and Switchgear	55
Kardak Vishal Devidas	Power Plant Engineering	49
Katkade Pratik Sanjay	Soft Skill Development	46

Kedare Darshan Prabhakar	Power System Protection and Switchgear	63
Kharane Kajal Babanrao	Power System Protection and Switchgear	66
Khatal Ashish Chudaman	DC Microgrid and Control System	60
Kothawade Apurva Anil	Power System Protection and Switchgear	73
Kulkarni Gaurav Ganesh	Sustainable Power Generation Systems	49
Kulkarni Hrushikesh Ajay	Power Plant Engineering	41
Kushare Rajashree Vilas	Power System Protection and Switchgear	60
Mahadwad Devanand Ramrao	Power System Protection and Switchgear	66
Mahale Vaishnavi Sanjay	DC Microgrid and Control System	39
Mandlik Prasad Madan	Power Plant Engineering	50
Mistary Gaurav Rajesh	Fundamental of Electrical Engg	43
Mudgul Shivam Valu	Power System Protection and Switchgear	66
Naik Pradeep Sampat	Power Plant Engineering	52
Ohol Gayatri Sanjay	Power System Protection and Switchgear	62
Palde Tejas Vilas	Power System Protection and Switchgear	73
Pangarkar Parth Dhananjay	Design of Electric Motors	43
Pansare Rushikesh Balaji	Power System Protection and Switchgear	46
Patil Kalpesh Yuvraj	Sustainable Power Generation system	65
Patil Rohit Krishna	DC Microgrid and Control System	56
Rajbhoj Dnyaneshwari Nandkishor	Ecology and Environment	44
Shaikh Shahrukh Khayyum	Power System Protection and Switchgear	54
Sharma Aman Shravan	Power Plant Engineering	50
Shermale Roshan Ramkisan	Power Plant Engineering	45
Shinde Neha Vijay	Power System Protection and Switchgear	47
Shinde Sandhya Bharat	Power System Protection and Switchgear	70
Suryavanshi Siddhesh Dilip	Power System Protection and Switchgear	68
Tidake Prasad Vilas	Power Plant Engineering	50
Varode Swarup Mohan	Power Plant Engineering	48
Wagh Pranali Vilas	Power System Protection and Switchgear	65
Wagh Sahil Santosh	Developing soft Skills and Personality	54
Wagh Tejas Kautik	DC Microgrid and Control System	50
Wankhade Amar Mohan	Power System Protection and Switchgear	78
Yeola Hitesh Jagannath	Power System Protection and Switchgear	65
Chinchole Prathmesh Rajesh	DC Microgrid and Control System	52

Krishithon 2023 (Agriculture Expo & Agri Exhibition)

A project by our students was presented at Krishithon 2023 (Agriculture Expo & Agri Exhibition) in Nashik. Students are Atharva Rajhans, Avishkar Arote, Mayur Bunge and Siddhant Sakhare. 

Fresher Welcome Party 2023

After a gap of 4 years, the Department and EFFECT Student Body organized a welcome party (Freshers Party) for the S. Y. B. Tech students. It was the 1^st welcome of students entered under Autonomy. It was great to see the excellent coordination among students, and enthusiasm to showcase talent and create a sense of belonging. Everyone has a great time and gets to know each other better. 

Faculty Corner

Faculty Participation

The following staff members have completed the courses given below in November 2023

Name of staff	Name of course	Duration	Platform
Prof. Sudhir Shinde	NPTEL- AICTE Faculty Development Program “Ethics in Engineering Practices”	8 weeks	Online FDP course
Prof. Aishwarya R. Awhad	International Faculty Development Program (FDP) on “Advanced Topics in Control Systems”	3 Day	Offline FDP course

Congratulations!

The patent is granted for Dr. Ravindra Munje and Prof. Sudhir Shinde. Other faculty members are Dr. Ajinkya Joshi, Dr. Vilas Patil and Prof. Prakash Kadve.

Congratulations to Prof Prajakta Vikas Dhole

Congratulations to Prof. Sudhir K Shinde

Congratulations to Prof. Swapnil S Sudake

Alumni Interaction and Felicitation

Mr. Dhaval Tagare, an Alumnus of the Department and the owner of E-mmortal Automotives Pvt. Ltd. (Battery Manufacturing Company) visited the stall K. K. Wagh Education Society at Krishithon Exhibition 2023 on 25th November 2023. During this visit, Prof. Jitendra Patil felicitated Mr. Dhaval T. and his team and provided the latest updates about the department and institute.

News Paper

Congratulations!

An initiative by our student Mr. Prasad Rathod. He presented his research paper at the 74th International Astronautical Congress in Baku, Azerbaijan on 6G communication for satellite and terrestrial connectivity. Congratulations to him.

Student Articles:

DC Microgrid for Rural and Remote Electricity Access Application

Komal Dilip Kalamkar TE-B (Electrical)

(komalkalamkar009@gmail.com)

Access to reliable electricity is essential for the socio-economic development of rural and remote areas. However, conventional AC grid extensions often prove impractical due to high costs, long transmission lines, and environmental constraints. This project report explores the design, implementation, and assessment of a DC microgrid system tailored for rural and remote regions, with a particular focus on enhancing electricity access and fostering economic development.

1. Introduction

Access to reliable electricity is a fundamental requirement for the social and economic development of rural and remote areas. However, many of these regions face challenges in establishing and maintaining conventional AC grid infrastructure. This project report explores the design, implementation, and evaluation of a DC microgrid system for rural and remote electricity access applications. Through a case study, we demonstrate the feasibility of this technology and its potential to transform the lives of underserved communities.

In the quest for universal energy access, the focus has shifted towards innovative solutions tailored for rural and remote areas. One such promising technology gaining traction is the implementation of DC microgrids shown in Fig. 1. Unlike traditional AC systems, DC microgrids offer a more efficient and cost-effective approach to electrifying off-grid communities

2. Architecture of DC Microgrid

Key Components of DC Microgrid Architecture:

(1) Generation Sources:

Solar Power: Photovoltaic panels harness the abundant sunlight in remote areas, converting it into direct current. Solar power forms a cornerstone of sustainable energy generation in DC microgrids.

Wind Turbines: Small-scale wind turbines contribute to the energy mix, particularly in regions with favorable wind conditions. Their modular design makes them suitable for decentralized energy production.

(2) Energy Storage:

Batteries: DC microgrids rely on energy storage solutions such as lithium-ion batteries to store excess energy generated during peak times. These batteries ensure a steady power supply during periods of low or no generation.

(3) DC Bus:

Distribution Network: A low-voltage DC bus forms the backbone of the microgrid, efficiently distributing power to various loads within the community. The simplicity of DC distribution reduces transmission losses and enhances overall system reliability.

(4) Power Electronics:

Inverters and Converters: While the microgrid operates on DC, certain appliances may require AC power. Inverters and converters play a crucial role in converting power between DC and AC as needed, ensuring compatibility with a variety of devices.

(5) Control and Monitoring System:

SCADA Systems: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems enable real-time monitoring and control of the microgrid. This technology allows for remote management, fault detection, and optimization of energy flows.

3. How it works?

A DC microgrid operates on direct current, providing localized power distribution with various benefits. Key components include power sources (solar panels, batteries), converters, and loads. DC minimizes energy losses, enhances efficiency, and supports the integration of renewable sources. It's gaining traction for its resilience and suitability in specific applications, contributing to sustainable energy solutions. 

Fig 1. DC Microgrid

4. Challenges in DC Microgrid

DC microgrids hold great potential for providing electricity access in rural and remote areas, but they also come with a set of challenges. One significant challenge is the limited availability of DC-compatible appliances and devices, which can make it difficult for residents to fully utilize the power supply. Moreover, DC microgrids often require careful design and maintenance due to voltage and current management issues. These grids may face efficiency losses over longer transmission distances, and voltage drop can become a concern. Additionally, sourcing, installing, and maintaining the necessary renewable energy generation equipment, such as solar panels and wind turbines, can be logistically challenging in remote locations. Furthermore, financing and community engagement are essential for the successful implementation of DC microgrids in rural and remote areas. Overcoming these challenges will be crucial for ensuring reliable and sustainable electricity access in these underserved regions.

 

5. Future Scope

(1) Saving Energy: DC microgrids can help us use electricity more efficiently, which means we waste less energy and save money.

(2) Clean Energy: They're great for using clean energy from sources like the sun and wind, helping us be more eco-friendly.

(3) Keeping the Lights On DC microgrids can keep the power on even when the main electricity grid has problems, making our electricity supply more reliable.

(4) Smart Energy: They can work together with smart technologies to make our electricity grid smarter and better at managing power.

(5) In Cities and Countryside: DC microgrids can be used in both big cities and remote areas to provide electricity where it's needed.

(6) Charging Electric Cars: They can make it faster and easier to charge electric cars, which is good for the environment.

(7) Safety and Security: We need to make sure they are safe from hackers and other problems to keep our electricity supply secure.

(8) Affordable Energy: We're working to make sure DC microgrids are not too expensive, so more people can use them.

(9) Ongoing Improvements: Scientists and engineers are always finding new ways to make DC microgrids better and more useful.

6. Conclusion

The implementation of a DC microgrid for rural and remote electricity access applications holds significant promise for addressing energy challenges in these areas. DC microgrids offer a reliable and cost-effective solution that can efficiently harness renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to provide consistent power supply to off-grid and underserved communities. This technology has the potential to improve the quality of life, stimulate economic development, and reduce carbon emissions in these regions. However, successful deployment will depend on careful planning, community engagement, and ongoing maintenance to ensure the sustained benefits of electricity access to rural and remote areas.

e -Newsletter - September 2023

 Department Events

Expert lecture on “Importance of Professional Association for Career Development” on 25/09/2023

Department of Electrical Engineering in Association with IET On-Campus Organizes Expert Lecture on “Importance of Professional Association for Career Development” for TE (A and B) students and staff of the department on 25/9/2023: Resource Person: Mr. Amitabh Sinha, Co-founder & Chief Strategy Officer, Founder at Dcy phr. Total no. of Students present = 142. In this session, the students participating in the regional round of the IET India Scholarship Award were felicitated with the hands of Mr. Amitabh Sinha. The Participating students also shared their views and experiences of participating in this Award Competition.

Expert lecture on “Artificial Intelligence-Opportunities for Future Engineers” on 27/09/2023

Department of Electrical Engineering in Association with IET On-Campus Organizes Expert Lecture on “Artificial Intelligence- Opportunities for Future Engineers” for BE (A and B) students and staff of the department on 27/9/2023: Resource Person: Mr. Amitabh Sinha, Co-founder & Chief Strategy Officer, Founder at Dcyphr. Total No. of Students present = 68. The lecture helped students to understand the importance of artificial intelligence, what the basics of AI are and how to grab the opportunity in AI for the job. The expert also discussed the artificial intelligence theory and trends in the industry of artificial intelligence.

Expert Lecture on “Guidance for Competitive Exam” on 15/09/2023

Electrical Department in Association with EFFECT Student Body has organized an Expert Lecture on “Guidance for Competitive Exam” for TE Electrical Division: A and B students and staff of the department on 15/9/2023: Resource Person: Mr. Saurabh Sonawane, Educator-In chief at Unacademy. Total No. of Students present = 90. This lecture helped students to understand the pattern of competitive exams, how to crack the exam and the importance of competitive exams and job opportunities in the government sector.

Department Advisory Board Meeting on 18/09/2023

The department conducted the “Department Advisory Board Meeting” on 18th September 2023 in the presence of Hon. Members and all the faculty members.

Expert Lecture on “Power Transformer” on 23/09/2023

The department conducted an expert session of Mr. Pankaj Patil (Additional Executive Engineer MSETCL) on 'Power Transformer' on 23/09/2023 as a part of the course delivery by the industry expert under Autonomy. Total No. of Students present = 58.

Certificate Course on ‘Control Panel Design’ on 14/09/2023

The department has conducted the Certificate Course on ‘Control Panel Design’ for TE and BE students. Total No. of Students participated = 45.

Certificate Course on ‘PLC and SCADA’ on 14/09/2023

The Department has conducted the Certificate Course on ‘PLC and SCADA’ for BE (Div B) students.

Student Corner

Student Placement

The following students are placed in various multinational companies. Congratulations to all the students!

Placed Students Details (September - 2023)

Sr. No.	Name of the Student	Placement Date
1.	Shewale  Sanjana Bhagwan	09/12/2023
2.	Sakshi Raosaheb Patil	09/12/2023

Congratulations!

ABB Digi Connect 2023 Competition

ABB Company organized the ABB Digi Connect 2023 Competition for engineering colleges. Various colleges participated in this event. K. K. Wagh team won first prize in the ABB Digi Connect 2023 Competition. The student team members of Sakshi Girase (Electrical), Tejaswini Rajput (R&A), Prathamesh Gadilohar (IT), Anush Devadiga (E&T), and Yash Mahale (CSE) participated from the college. Team College Coordinator, Prof. Saravanan S. Congratulations to all of them!

Faculty Corner

Congratulations!

On Teachers Day, Dr. S. S. Dhamal (30 years), Dr. R. K. Munje (10 years), Prof. J. D. Patil (20 years) and Mrs. Shubhada Borade (30 years) are felicitated with the hands of Dr. Vinayak Govilkar for completing the long service in the K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Education and Research. Congratulations!

Industry collaboration

Industry visits by the department faculty members to Hyosung India Pvt. Ltd., Pune to interact with Alumni and Industry professionals for collaboration on 13th September 2023. The visit was attended by Prof. Saravanan S along with Dr. P. J. Pawar (HOD, Robotics and Automation), Dr. P. K. Shahabadkar (T&P Officer) and Prof. Gokul Jadhav.

Congratulations!

On Engineers Day, Prof. Dr. Munje and Prof. Saravanan are felicitated for writing and publishing research papers in peer-reviewed journals and Prof. Dr. Abhishek is felicitated for completing the PhD from NIT. Felicitation was done with the hands of Hon. Shri. Narendra Goliya in the presence of Principal Dr. Keshav Nandurkar.

Student Articles

Temperature rise test and analysis of high current switchgear in the distribution system

Sayeed Hussain Naik
  TE-A-Electrical Engineering
syeednaik@gmail.com

Abstract

As the load of the power system continues to increase, the capacity of the switchgear climbs, resulting in the overheating problems becoming more serious. To realize the monitoring of the temperature of the switchgear, the authors need to conduct a thorough analysis of the temperature rise principle of the switchgear first. To get the detailed temperature distribution in the switchgear, a series of temperature rise tests were carried out based on the KYN28A-12(Z) overhead line switchgear and the data were analyzed and compared in detail to summaries the factors that affect the temperature distribution in the switchgear.

1. Introduction

In recent years, the increasing power load has brought new challenges to the stable operation of switchgear. The resistance of switchgear grows with the operation, resulting in overheating in switchgear, which leads to power failure or even an explosion accident [1, 2]. References [1–4] analyzed the reasons for overheating as well as abnormal heating of the switchgear. Reference [5] dealt with the problems existing in the KYN28A-12  kV/4000 A switchgear and improved its structure. The improved performance was analyzed through simulation. Reference [6] has carried out a detailed simulation of the thermal field and the airflow field in the switchgear. Reference [7] introduced an advanced temperature measurement technology and a practical switchgear temperature warning system. However, there is little research on the rate of temperature rise and regular pattern of temperature distribution of switchgear.

 2. Temperature rise tests of the switchgear

In order to get the detailed temperature distribution in the switchgear, we chose a KYN28A-12(Z) overhead line switchgear and conducted a series of temperature rise tests. 2.1 Equipment used in the temperature rise test In the tests, the KYN28A-12(Z) overhead line switchgear is shown in Fig. 1, in which A is the bus room, B is the instrument room, C is the circuit breaker room, and D is the overhead line room. The main heating points in the switchgear are located on the contact surfaces of the buses and branches in the bus room and the surfaces between the fixed contacts and the moving contacts in the circuit breaker room. The switchgear seals well because of meeting the requirement of arcing. There are three fans installed at the top of the bus room, as well as two fans installed at the top of the circuit breaker room. The power of each fan is 65 W. Two blowers are installed below the circuit breaker room, one of which is 270 W and the other is 70 W.

  2.2 Positions of Temperature Sensors

Considering that the contact resistance of the contact surfaces is far greater than the resistance of the metal itself, we will place more platinum resistance temperature sensors at the main heating points as mentioned above. In the bus room, the sensors are placed in the following positions: the outlet of the fixed contact box, branches, and contact surfaces of the buses and branches. In the circuit breaker room, the sensors are placed in the following positions: outside top, bellow, left and right of all plum contact, inside top, bellow, left and right of phase B upper plum contact, outside top and left of the breaker arm, inside of the breaker arm, fixed contacts, the contact surfaces of the fixed contacts and branches.

2.3 Contents of temperature rise tests.

To obtain more data, we set up different test conditions to simulate various situations that may occur in the actual operation of the switchgear. Temperature data is collected by the temperature monitoring software per minute. The following are the contents of temperature rise tests.

(I) Set the input current of three phases to 4400 A with the ventilation equipment off during the test. The resistance of phase A is 23 μΩ, phase B is 23 μΩ, and phase C is 22 μΩ.

.

(iv) Set the input current of three phases to 4400 A with the ventilation equipment on when the highest temperature rise reaches 60 K.

(v) Set the input current of three phases to 3150 A with the ventilation equipment on during the test.

(vi) Set the input current of phase A and C to 4400 A and the current of phase B to 0 A, with the ventilation equipment on when the highest temperature rise reaches 60 K.

(vii) Set the input current of phase B and C to 4400 A and the current of phase A to 0 A, with the ventilation equipment on when the highest temperature rise reaches 60 K. 

3.  Comparison and analysis of data 

After a series of temperature rise tests, we have obtained a lot of data. In the following sections, we conduct a detailed analysis of the data and reach conclusions.

3.1 Comparison of temperature rise at the same positions of different phases

We chose the data from test 1 and test 5 to compare. The temperature rise of the outside top of the plum contact represents the temperature rise of the whole plum contact. (The following data are the same.) Fig. 2 shows the comparison of the temperature rises of the three-phase lower plum contacts in test 1. Fig. 3 shows the comparison of the temperature rises of the three-phase lower plum contacts in test 5. 

Based on Figs. 2 and 3, it can be concluded that the temperature rise values at the same positions of different phases are basically the same when the ventilation equipment is off. However, the values change after turning on the ventilation equipment, because the speed of air changes sharply, which influences the temperature rise values. 

Fig. 2 Comparison of the temperaturerises of the three-phase lower plum contacts in test 1

Fig. 3 Comparison of the temperature rises of the three-phase lower plum contacts in test 5

 3.2 Comparison of temperature rise at different positions of the same phase

We chose the data from test 5 to compare. The temperature rise of the outside top of the breaker arm represents the temperature rise of the outside of the breaker arm. (The following data are the same.) As shown in Fig. 4.

According to Fig. 4, we find that the temperature rise inside the breaker arm is the highest, followed by the outside of the breaker arm, the plum contact, the fixed contact, the contact surface of the fixed contact and branch, the outlet of the fixed contact box, the branch and the contact surface of bus and branch. The temperature rise has a great relationship with the speed of the surrounding airflow, and there is no significant difference in the temperature rise between two points not far from each other on the copper bus. This is the gradient of temperature distribution when the switchgear operates normally.

Fig. 4 Comparison of the temperature rises of phase C upper plum contact and the nearby positions in test 5 

3.3 Comparison of temperature rise at different positions of the same plum contact

We chose the data from test 1 and test 5 to compare. Fig. 5 shows the comparison of temperature rise at different positions of the same plum contact in test 1. Fig. 6 shows the comparison of temperature rise at different positions of the same plum contact in test 5. According to Figs. 5 and 6, we see that when the ventilation equipment is off, the temperature rise in the four directions inside of the plum contact of phase B is basically the same, while the temperature rise in the four directions on the outside is slightly different. When the ventilation equipment is turned on, although the temperature rise values vary obviously, it can still be ruled that the temperature rise inside is higher than the same position on the outside.

Fig. 5 Comparison of temperature rise at different positions of the same plum contact in test 1

Fig. 6 Comparison of temperature rise at different positions of the same plum contact in test 5.

Moreover, the Figs. 5 and 6 also prove that there is a difference in the temperature rise value of each position of the plum contact when the ventilation equipment is off. This is due to the complex equipment in the circuit breaker, causing the speeds of air flow at different positions to be different.

3.4 Comparison of temperature rise in different input currents

We choose the data of test 1, test 2, test 3 and test 4 to compare. The comparison of temperature rise of phase C upper plum contact in different input currents is shown in Fig. 7. According to Fig. 7, we find that the rates and stability values of temperature rise differ significantly in different input currents. By comparing the regular pattern of temperature rise in different input currents, we can obtain the differences in the temperature distribution gradient.

Fig. 7 Comparison of temperature rise of phase C upper plum contact in different input currents.

According to Fig. 7, we find that the rates and stability values of temperature rise differ significantly in different input currents. By comparing the regular pattern of temperature rise in different input currents, we can obtain the differences in the temperature distribution gradient.

3.5 Effect of ventilation equipment on temperature rise

We choose the data of test 1, test 2, test 5 and test 6 to compare the temperature rise of phase C upper plum contact, which is shown in Fig. 8. From Fig. 8, we can see that the ventilation equipment has an effect on the regular pattern and rate of temperature increases, and the temperature rise value is stabilized quicker after the ventilation equipment is turned on.

Fig. 8 Comparison of temperature rise of phase C upper plum contact with the ventilation equipment on or off.

3.6 Effect of unbalanced current on temperature rise

We choose the data of test 5, test 7 and test 8 to compare the temperature rise of phase C lower plum contact, which is shown in Fig. 9. According to Fig. 9, it can be seen that when the input current of one phase is missing, the heating of switchgear is reduced, and the rate of temperature rise and regular pattern of temperature distribution have certain changes.

Fig. 9  Comparison of temperature rise of phase C upper plum contact in unbalanced current.

According to Fig. 9, it can be seen that when the input current of one phase is missing, the heating of switchgear is reduced, and the rate of temperature rise and regular pattern of temperature distribution have certain changes.

 

4 Conclusions

This article carries a series of temperature rise tests based on KYN28A-12(Z) overhead line switchgear, compares and analyzes the data obtained, and reaches the following conclusions.

(i) The ventilation equipment has an obvious impact on the rate of temperature rise and regular pattern of temperature distribution of switchgear.

(ii) The different input current has an obvious impact on the rate of temperature rise and regular pattern of temperature distribution of switchgear.

(iii) The unbalanced current has a certain impact on the rate of temperature rise and regular pattern of temperature distribution of switchgear.